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Synthesis and Characterization of Multifunctionalized Biodegradable Copolymers
Michlovská, Lenka ; Petrůj, Jaroslav (oponent) ; Lehocký,, Marián (oponent) ; Vojtová, Lucy (vedoucí práce)
This dissertation summarizes the current state-of-the-art in the field of biodegradable thermosensitive copolymers, which in the form of aqueous sol at room temperature change to gel at body temperature. These polymer materials are useful in medicine for injection application as drug carriers or resorbable implants for tissue regeneration. In experimental work, thermosensitive amphiphilic triblock copolymers based on hydrophobic biodegradable polylactide and polyglycolide and biocompatible hydrophilic polyethylene glycol (PLGA–PEG–PLGA) were synthesized using vacuum line apparatus. Prepared PLGA–PEG–PLGA copolymer with two phase transitions from sol-gel and gel-suspension was subsequently modified with itaconic anhydride. The resulting functionalized ITA/PLGA–PEG–PLGA/ITA copolymer contains at both ends of chains reactive double bonds suitable for further polymerization or crosslinking and functional carboxyl group for possible modification by biological active substances. Physical and chemical crosslinking were also investigated in terms of the ratio of hydrophilic and hydrophobic chains and with a view of the amount of bounded itaconic acid. Prepared aqueous solutions of synthesized ITA/PLGA–PEG–PLGA/ITA copolymer change to a gel at the temperature between 33 and 43 °C. The evaluated critical gel concentration and the critical gel temperature was 6 % w/v and 34 °C, respectively, for the copolymer with PLGA/PEG ratio equal to 2.5. When the copolymer was more hydrophobic, then start of gelation became earlier and gel was more hydrolytically stable. Gel stiffness increased with increasing PLGA/PEG ratio and it depends on methods and type of solvent used during purification of copolymer. Prepared ITA/PLGA–PEG–PLGA/ITA copolymers were crosslinked using blue light without further crosslinker. Hydrolytical stability of ITA modified samples was significantly improved and increased in direct proportion with the both increasing time of crosslinking and the amount of double bonds attached to polymer chains. Sample having 63 % of ITA crosslinked for 40 mins fully degraded in water after 32 days. By proton NMR relaxometry it was found that while the sample has been swelled in water (after 12 hours) the amount of unbonded water reduces and gradually diffuses into cavities on the surface of sample and slowly changed to both weakly bonded water and strongly bonded water to polymer chains. Weakly bonded water began release from sample and changed back to the free water, when sample start to degrade and nodes and gel network begin to break. However, the thermal stability of chemically crosslinked samples increased only up to 20 minutes of crosslinking time where approximately 57 % of double bonds of itaconic acid (at 1640 cm-1) were transformed to the new single RR'C–CHR'' bonds at 795 cm-1ones by making crosslinks proved by ATR-FTIR. Longer crosslinking time (above 30 minutes) led to changes in chemical structure by beta-scission of chain and partially by recombination of double bonds. Rediscovery of new double bonds in different place of the chain reduced both the thermal stability and glass transition temperature from 242 °C to 237 °C and from -2.2 to -5.8 °C, respectively. The proposed thesis shows how the polymer composition, modification by functional groups and physical conditions affect either the physical or the chemical crosslinking of prepared amphiphilic copolymers.
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Gelace hydroxyethylcelulózy a hyaluronanu kyselinou citronovou
Martinková, Martina ; Krouská, Jitka (oponent) ; Hurčíková, Andrea (vedoucí práce)
Diplomová práce pojednává o gelaci hydroxyethylcelulózy a hyaluronanu netoxickým síťovacím činidlem – kyselinou citronovou. Nejprve byl optimalizován postup gelace samotné hydroxyethylcelulózy s kyselinou citronovou. Po získání produktů splňujících především nerozpustnost v ultračisté deionizované vodě byly připraveny roztoky obsahující směs hyaluronanu a hydroxyethylcelulózy ve dvou různých poměrech. Dále byl připraven roztok obsahující jako polymerní složku pouze hyaluronan. Kyselina citronová byla využita v koncentracích 5 %, 10 % a 20 % (w/w polymeru). Tyto roztoky polymerů a kyseliny citronové byly gelovány za stejných podmínek a následně srovnávány využitím analytických metod diferenční kompenzační kalorimetrie, termogravimetrické analýzy a infračervené spektrometrie s Fourierovou transformací. Za zesítěné hydrogely s požadovanými vlastnostmi byly považovány ty, obsahující ve své struktuře hydroxyethylcelulózu, dále pak hyaluronan a hydroxyethylcelulózu v hmotnostním poměru 3 : 7.
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Vliv proteinu 14-3-3 na intradoménové interakce ubiktivin ligasy Nedd4-2
Pohl, Pavel ; Obšilová, Veronika (vedoucí práce) ; Žáková, Lenka (oponent) ; Pavlíček, Jiří (oponent)
CZ Lidská ubikvitin ligasa Nedd4-2 (NEDD4L) ubikvitinuje široké spektrum membránových proteinů a receptorů a hraje tak klíčovou roli v udržování homeostázy organismu. Tento enzym je regulován fosforylací a následnou interakcí s proteiny 14-3-3, čímž je primárně ovlivněna schopnost proteinu Nedd4-2 interagovat s různými substráty. Jen velmi málo je však známo o molekulární podstatě této protein-proteinové interakce. V této práci jsme se zaměřili na biofyzikální charakterizaci úlohy jednotlivých fosforylačních míst a mapování strukturních změn Nedd4-2 způsobených vazbou proteinů 14-3-3. Naše experimenty za užití metod analytické ultracentrifugace odhalily, že k stabilní vazbě proteinu Nedd4-2 na proteiny 14-3-3 je zapotřebí primárně dvou fosforylačních míst Ser342 a Ser448 . Krystalová struktura komplexu 14-3-3ηΔC:Nedd4-2335-455 T367A poté odhalila simultánní vazbu obou fosforylovaných reziduí do vazebného žlábku proteinu 14-3-3. Modelování na základě dat z maloúhlového rozptylu rentgenového záření a chemického zesítění spojeného s hmotnostní spektrometrií nastínilo rozsáhlé strukturní změny v oblasti jednotlivých domén proteinu Nedd4-2. Vazba proteinu 14-3-3η blokuje doménu WW3 proteinu Nedd4-2 v centrálním kanálu proteinu 14-3-3 a zároveň mění vzájemné pozice domén WW2 a WW4. WW domény Nedd4-2 jsou...
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Gelace hydroxyethylcelulózy a hyaluronanu kyselinou citronovou
Martinková, Martina ; Krouská, Jitka (oponent) ; Hurčíková, Andrea (vedoucí práce)
Diplomová práce pojednává o gelaci hydroxyethylcelulózy a hyaluronanu netoxickým síťovacím činidlem – kyselinou citronovou. Nejprve byl optimalizován postup gelace samotné hydroxyethylcelulózy s kyselinou citronovou. Po získání produktů splňujících především nerozpustnost v ultračisté deionizované vodě byly připraveny roztoky obsahující směs hyaluronanu a hydroxyethylcelulózy ve dvou různých poměrech. Dále byl připraven roztok obsahující jako polymerní složku pouze hyaluronan. Kyselina citronová byla využita v koncentracích 5 %, 10 % a 20 % (w/w polymeru). Tyto roztoky polymerů a kyseliny citronové byly gelovány za stejných podmínek a následně srovnávány využitím analytických metod diferenční kompenzační kalorimetrie, termogravimetrické analýzy a infračervené spektrometrie s Fourierovou transformací. Za zesítěné hydrogely s požadovanými vlastnostmi byly považovány ty, obsahující ve své struktuře hydroxyethylcelulózu, dále pak hyaluronan a hydroxyethylcelulózu v hmotnostním poměru 3 : 7.
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Synthesis and Characterization of Multifunctionalized Biodegradable Copolymers
Michlovská, Lenka ; Petrůj, Jaroslav (oponent) ; Lehocký,, Marián (oponent) ; Vojtová, Lucy (vedoucí práce)
This dissertation summarizes the current state-of-the-art in the field of biodegradable thermosensitive copolymers, which in the form of aqueous sol at room temperature change to gel at body temperature. These polymer materials are useful in medicine for injection application as drug carriers or resorbable implants for tissue regeneration. In experimental work, thermosensitive amphiphilic triblock copolymers based on hydrophobic biodegradable polylactide and polyglycolide and biocompatible hydrophilic polyethylene glycol (PLGA–PEG–PLGA) were synthesized using vacuum line apparatus. Prepared PLGA–PEG–PLGA copolymer with two phase transitions from sol-gel and gel-suspension was subsequently modified with itaconic anhydride. The resulting functionalized ITA/PLGA–PEG–PLGA/ITA copolymer contains at both ends of chains reactive double bonds suitable for further polymerization or crosslinking and functional carboxyl group for possible modification by biological active substances. Physical and chemical crosslinking were also investigated in terms of the ratio of hydrophilic and hydrophobic chains and with a view of the amount of bounded itaconic acid. Prepared aqueous solutions of synthesized ITA/PLGA–PEG–PLGA/ITA copolymer change to a gel at the temperature between 33 and 43 °C. The evaluated critical gel concentration and the critical gel temperature was 6 % w/v and 34 °C, respectively, for the copolymer with PLGA/PEG ratio equal to 2.5. When the copolymer was more hydrophobic, then start of gelation became earlier and gel was more hydrolytically stable. Gel stiffness increased with increasing PLGA/PEG ratio and it depends on methods and type of solvent used during purification of copolymer. Prepared ITA/PLGA–PEG–PLGA/ITA copolymers were crosslinked using blue light without further crosslinker. Hydrolytical stability of ITA modified samples was significantly improved and increased in direct proportion with the both increasing time of crosslinking and the amount of double bonds attached to polymer chains. Sample having 63 % of ITA crosslinked for 40 mins fully degraded in water after 32 days. By proton NMR relaxometry it was found that while the sample has been swelled in water (after 12 hours) the amount of unbonded water reduces and gradually diffuses into cavities on the surface of sample and slowly changed to both weakly bonded water and strongly bonded water to polymer chains. Weakly bonded water began release from sample and changed back to the free water, when sample start to degrade and nodes and gel network begin to break. However, the thermal stability of chemically crosslinked samples increased only up to 20 minutes of crosslinking time where approximately 57 % of double bonds of itaconic acid (at 1640 cm-1) were transformed to the new single RR'C–CHR'' bonds at 795 cm-1ones by making crosslinks proved by ATR-FTIR. Longer crosslinking time (above 30 minutes) led to changes in chemical structure by beta-scission of chain and partially by recombination of double bonds. Rediscovery of new double bonds in different place of the chain reduced both the thermal stability and glass transition temperature from 242 °C to 237 °C and from -2.2 to -5.8 °C, respectively. The proposed thesis shows how the polymer composition, modification by functional groups and physical conditions affect either the physical or the chemical crosslinking of prepared amphiphilic copolymers.
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